在全球工業化進程加速的當下，工業廢氣排放帶來的環境汙染問題日益嚴峻。其中，含硫廢氣不僅會引發酸雨，腐蝕建築、破壞生態，還對人體呼吸道等造成嚴重損害，危害公眾健康。在此背景下，高效脫硫技術成為環保領域的焦點。傳統的濕法、幹法脫硫雖應用廣泛，但存在能耗高、成本貴、易產生二次汙染等難題。生物脫硫技術應運而生，以其獨特優勢，為工業廢氣淨化開辟新路徑，成為環保科研與產業界的研究熱點。

In the current acceleration of global industrialization, the environmental pollution caused by industrial waste gas emissions is becoming increasingly severe. Among them, sulfur-containing waste gas not only causes acid rain, corrodes buildings, and damages ecology, but also causes serious damage to human respiratory tract and endangers public health. In this context, efficient desulfurization technology has become a focus in the field of environmental protection. Although traditional wet and dry desulfurization methods are widely used, they face challenges such as high energy consumption, high cost, and susceptibility to secondary pollution. Biological desulfurization technology has emerged, with its unique advantages, opening up new paths for industrial waste gas purification and becoming a research hotspot in environmental protection research and industry.

生物脫硫技術原理

Principles of biological desulfurization technology

異養型微生物脫硫機製

Mechanism of heterotrophic microbial desulfurization

異養型微生物參與生物脫硫過程，通常利用有機物作為碳源和能源，在代謝過程中實現對含硫化合物的轉化。部分異養菌可將有機硫化合物，如二苯並噻吩（DBT）等，通過特定的酶促反應，使碳 - 硫（C - S）鍵斷裂，將硫原子從有機分子中分離出來，並轉化為可進一步處理的無機硫形式。其代謝途徑較為複雜，涉及多種酶的協同作用。例如，某些菌株可通過 “4S” 途徑降解 DBT，即先將 DBT 氧化為二苯並噻吩亞碸，再進一步氧化為二苯並噻吩碸，接著生成 2 - 羥基聯苯和亞硫酸鹽，最終亞硫酸鹽被氧化為硫酸鹽，而碳骨架則保留在產物中，實現了硫的特異性脫除 。

Heterotrophic microorganisms participate in the process of biological desulfurization, usually using organic matter as a carbon source and energy source to achieve the conversion of sulfur-containing compounds in the metabolic process. Some heterotrophic bacteria can break the carbon sulfur (C-S) bond of organic sulfur compounds such as dibenzothiophene (DBT) through specific enzymatic reactions, separating sulfur atoms from organic molecules and converting them into inorganic sulfur forms that can be further processed. Its metabolic pathway is relatively complex, involving the synergistic action of multiple enzymes. For example, some strains can degrade DBT through the "4S" pathway, which first oxidizes DBT to dibenzothiophene sulfoxide, then further oxidizes it to dibenzothiophene sulfone, followed by the formation of 2-hydroxybiphenyl and sulfite. Eventually, sulfite is oxidized to sulfate, while the carbon skeleton remains in the product, achieving specific removal of sulfur.

微生物協同脫硫機製

Microbial synergistic desulfurization mechanism

實際的生物脫硫係統中，多種微生物往往協同作用，形成複雜的生態群落。不同微生物利用各自的代謝優勢，接力完成含硫化合物的轉化。比如，在一些生物反應器中，化能自養型微生物先將H₂S等簡單含硫化合物初步氧化為單質硫，為後續的異養型微生物提供底物。異養型微生物則可利用單質硫或其他中間產物，在消耗有機物的同時，進一步將硫轉化為穩定的硫酸鹽，或者在合適條件下將部分硫還原為單質硫沉澱，實現硫的回收利用。這種協同作用使得生物脫硫係統更加穩定、高效，能適應更複雜的含硫廢氣組成和工況條件 。

In actual biological desulfurization systems, multiple microorganisms often work together to form complex ecological communities. Different microorganisms utilize their respective metabolic advantages to relay the conversion of sulfur-containing compounds. For example, in some bioreactors, chemoautotrophic microorganisms first oxidize simple sulfur-containing compounds such as H ₂ S to elemental sulfur, providing substrates for subsequent heterotrophic microorganisms. Heterotrophic microorganisms can utilize elemental sulfur or other intermediate products to further convert sulfur into stable sulfates while consuming organic matter, or reduce some sulfur to elemental sulfur precipitate under appropriate conditions, achieving sulfur recovery and utilization. This synergistic effect makes the biological desulfurization system more stable and efficient, and can adapt to more complex sulfur-containing waste gas compositions and operating conditions.

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